Cross Cultural Studies Essay

Excellence, is whatever interests, and is joined in current prevailing fashions and patterns of the zone. Its highlights radically fluctuate over the globe where alienating habits are received. Heftiness is such a model, where in the west, corpulence is evaded, and advised, and in actuality, in the African nations, weight baits and is viewed as a gift, showing wealth. Excellence might be shallow, however there are situations when such turns into a mystery. Stoutness isn't just about the weight, or the physical and hereditary rationalities we can get from it. Corpulence can likewise be gotten from its mental roots. What is heftiness and how it influences the notoriety, character, or even the mentality towards it differs across societies as referenced before. In this paper, corpulence is viewed as acceptable and needed physiological attribute, contrasted and as a social malignant growth tormenting the wellbeing in most Western nations. Exploration FINDINGS Norimitsu Onish (2001), in his article entitled, ‘On the size of Beauty, weight loads heavily’, has clarified in an impressive way the furor stoutness has among high school young ladies in Nigeria. He has delineated the manners in which women will utilize to go too far in the red in order to get fat, and directs advertise studies figuring out which sorts of steroids, pills or synthetic substances they would utilize. The paper clarifies how large ladies are glorified and gazed upward onto. Onish shows that ladies would will in general devour destructive concoction to increase greasy tissues, and have gotten so fixated on getting fat, that they would go to ‘fattening farms’ and get kneaded a long time before their weddings. In like manner, a portion of the less fortunate ladies would expend creature feed so as to get fat and become appealing, as they can't manage the cost of the rich nourishments. Verifiably, meaty African ladies were viewed as blessed by the gods monetarily, on the grounds that they can bear the cost of food, are solid and ripe. Ladies in African culture are adored to as the food supplier, the person who plants and supplies food in the network. A plump African lady means somebody from a well-off family or maybe a possible decent supplier for her family. The substantial African lady was esteemed and held in high regard. Notwithstanding, note that African ladies toiled persistently, stirring sun up to sun down, and their arduous undertakings were not helpful for being large. The laborious work kept African ladies fundamentally on the slim side (Johnson and Broadnax, 2003). Delineation: Stratification is a fundamental piece of a network and society that happens because of a division in the classes which is dictated by the monetary circumstance of the family or network. This flat layer is likewise predominant among certain nations which have a male prevailing society, on the appearance of religion. This has been portrayed in Onish’s article, where large ladies are a superficial point of interest, showing their assets, and that they have a place with wealthy families, trading off their wellbeing along these lines. A generally excellent model is cited clarifying how a young lady since the age of 11 years, had to get corpulent on the appearance of getting a ‘good match’, and now she experiences hip separation, and bone issue, as it has gotten hard to hold herself around. Socially, being huge was not standard. In the African view, ladies who are plump, had hips, and a curvaceous body are the ladies to wed. Body size was additionally seen to make them phenomenal moms. African ladies who are enormous have increasingly fat tissue, and were seen to convey a hatchling to full term and suspend for quite a while the impacts of starvation ought to there be shortage of food (Johnson and Broadnax, 2003). In a class address by Mead in 1974, culture was characterized as the transmission of qualities and practices and ideas. It is the way one eats, the way one strolls, and the way one brings up a kid. In Africa, the social level was unpretentious for young ladies to discover that African men and families esteems huge ladies and was profoundly worthy. Be that as it may, being attractive was considered in an alternate way when slaves were moved to the new world. African ladies at that point were seen and even assigned to be reproducers and has an obligation to conceive an offspring the same number of times as her proprietor needs to. Alex Haley recorded this in his book by relating how huge African ladies beats slave youngsters and hands them to a slave proprietor as a sexual prize (Johnson and Broadnax, 2003). In another article, ‘Culture: A sociological view’, (Becker, 1982) clarifies the essentialness of culture in a general public and how it is consistently adjusted so as to meet the cutting edge design and craze. Culture is in effect normally changed, and more current renditions of standards and practices are received. Similarly, definition as far as race and sexual orientation is likewise now being weakened, as a feeling of fairness is predominant inside a large portion of the social orders over the globe. A general public is composed by its social qualities, which is the substance to its turn of events, and in this way despite the fact that more up to date ideas are received, more seasoned standards ought not be overlooked and ought to be passed onto ages so as to protect a society’s social legacy. The steady changes in the public arena along with the way of life wherein one develops takes ages. There are a couple and center social characteristics which are given starting with one age then onto the next, safeguarded in families, regardless of the numerous progressions that are continually occurring. In the sociological setting, this likewise reflects how society impacts the individual’s perspectives and discernments with the numerous progressions occurring around him/her. Eventually, the individual recognizes what his way of life is intrinsically, yet in addition acclimates to fit in and adapt up to the numerous social changes in our social orders. Diverse STUDIES: Cross social investigations was an exceptionally intriguing subject that portrays the different anthropologies around the world. The essential quintessence in this investigation is a component of resistance which different ethnic gatherings need to cause in order to suit and intermix with different social set ups. A unified substitute which individuals from completely various societies will collaborate and productive serve towards the advancement and improvement of a general public is predominant in many nations. A genuine model is delineated by the individuals of Malaysia, in which different ethnic gatherings coincide and assume their separate jobs so as to make Malaysia one of the most quickly created country in the previous decade, and it is currently a good example for others to follow. Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Buddhism exist together and sanctuaries are manufactured right close to mosques and temples, where individuals go side by side to lecture in resilience and congruity. The equivalent can be determined when slaves where moved to the New World. As African ladies became sexual prizes to their proprietors, some Westerner has fathered a youngster, and bore an African-American kid. In the current culture, being slim is in. Bulimia and anorexia has gotten a scourge among teenagers and more youthful ladies due to the pictures of meager ladies being developed in the new society. The multifaceted assessment between how ladies in Africa in examination with African-American ladies see weight is unique and is an impression of how perspectives and observation change after some time and across societies. End: Culture contrast over the globe, meeting the land prerequisites of a locale, these can fluctuate and be opposite, similar to the instance of weight, which is tried by a few, and reprimanded by different social orders, similar to the westerners. In like manner, social set ups are adjusted and changed so as to meet cutting edge necessities, and at the same time keeping up and saving the old social qualities that have been passed on. So also, culturally diverse set ups additionally exist, and different ethnic gatherings coincide and serve proactively for the turn of events and progress of countries, in this manner displaying control, solidarity and resilience. REFERENCES: Becker H. (1982) Culture: A Sociological View, Yale Review, September 2, , 71:513-527 Johnson, R. W. what's more, Broadnax, P. A (2003). A point of view on heftiness †investigation of pattern of corpulence in African-American ladies. ABNF Journal. Onish N. (2001) Maradi Journal: On the Scale of Beauty, Weight Weighs Heavily New York Times dated Feb 12

A Financial Ratio Quarterly Trend Analysis of Kia Motors Research Paper

A Financial Ratio Quarterly Trend Analysis of Kia Motors - Research Paper Example This report speaks to a monetary pattern examination of the organization more than four (4) quarters finishing December 31, 2010. It likewise takes a gander at an examination of the presentation of Kia Motors with the business for the year finished December 31, 2010 and gives a SWOT investigation of the organization. Notwithstanding that the report at the moral rules under which the organization works and makes suggestions to potential partners. 2.0 Financial Ratio Computation and Analysis Money related proportions are utilized to decide the monetary soundness of a business. The table in the Appendix beneath gives data on five classifications of proportions which will be utilized to evaluate the budgetary strength of KIA Motors Corporation. 2.1 Trend Analysis The table in the Appendix shows the quarterly patterns for different proportions for the year finished December 31, 2010 all together liquidity resource usage, benefit, Debt and market. 2.1.1 Liquidity proportions Liquidity proportions show the measure of assets the organization has close by to pay its obligations as they fall due. The present proportion incorporates stock which isn't extremely fluid while the fast proportion doesn't. The table in the Appendix demonstrates that the present proportion for the 3 quarters go somewhere in the range of 0.73 and 0.76 which is underneath 1. The snappy proportion which does exclude stock ranges somewhere in the range of 0.56 and 0.59. An adequate present and snappy proportion is 1.5 and 0.8 separately (BPP Media Learning 2009). Different proportions, for example, working capital and current liabilities to stock likewise demonstrates a stressing picture for Kia Motors as far as the company’s capacity to pay its obligations as they become due. 2.1.2 Asset Utilization Asset use proportions demonstrate how proficiently the advantages in the company’s activities have been used. The proportions in the Appendix show a stock turnover pace of somewhere in the range of 6 and multiple times for each quarter and a turnover of roughly multiple times for the year. The benefit turnover is a proportion of how well the advantages Kia Motors are being utilized to produce income (BPP 2009). The quarterly resource turnover rate extended from 0.39 to 0.49 with the yearly rate being the cum1.66. These rates show high and moderate productivity levels separately in the utilization of Kia Motors resources. 2.1.3 Profitability Ratios Profitability proportions are a blend of the impacts of liquidity, resource the board and obligation on working outcomes (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2005). The proportions showed in the Appendix as gainfulness proportions incorporate net revenue which demonstrates the net benefit rate earned on deals of somewhere in the range of 2% and 13% per quarter. The patterns show huge upgrades in the second quarter of a 8% expansion, up from 2%. The quarterly profit for resources (ROA) for Kia Motor s extend from 1% to 5% per quarter and 13% for the year finished December 31, 2010. In the second quarter there was a 2% expansion over the first quarter while quarters 3 and 4 indicated increments of 1%. The company’s returns on value (ROE) expanded from 2% in quarter 1 to 7%, *% and 11% in quarters 2, 3 and 4 individually, finishing with an arrival for the time of 26%. This is viewed as great for investors. 2.1.4 Debt Utilization Ratios Debt proportions give a sign of the degree of budgetary hazard in the organizations

More CPW

More CPW Before we get into it, I need to address a question Ive heard a few times. Is MIT really like CPW? The answer is, yes and no. Yes, in the sense that, I believe, for the most part, the MIT culture is well conveyed. You get a sense of what it is we do at MIT, how we play, see the opportunities that await you. I need you to think a little more about the no, though. First, imagine this: youre an MIT student. Youre really excited about your living group, the student groups youre a part of, your major, your UROP. MIT tells you that you have a chance to show off these groups to 1,000 potential members of next years freshman class. Are you going to take that opportunity? Of course! You love everything youre involved with! Now, multiply this process by 300 student groups, dozens of living groups, all of the majors, 41 varsity sports, etc. Finally, divide this by just 3 days. Now, you understand why CPW is as jam-packed as it is. So, is every day at MIT as jam-packed with all of those activities as the days during CPW were? No. But if we didnt let all of those activities happen, and give you an opportunity to experience all of these groups, you wouldnt really get to fully experience MIT. Thus, CPW is like MIT, all smushed up into one tiny weekend package for you to sample and enjoy. Well be answering more unanswered questions from CPW and beyond when we get a chance, but for now, here are the rest of my CPW photos The Meet the Bloggers party was Friday night, and it was great to get to meet so many of you. Heres the photo we took at the end; click to see a larger view: While Ben I were talking, I look a picture of you, and Snively took a picture of us. You can see Snivelys photo here [direct link]. Also on Friday, I emceed the inaugural Gap year Panel. In the below photo, you can see Prof. Warren Seering talking while the four student panelists and Marilyn Wilson from Career Services listen on. For many, the highlight of the week was seeing Ben Marilee rock out. This is the best photo I have; do you have any better? I came to the office one morning of CPW to see this nice note/proclamation taped to the 3-107 door, signed by 9 members of the Class of 2011. Thanks! The highlight of my Saturday was judging the mitBEEF beef cooking competition, which was a bit like Iron Chef. Members of mitBEEF and Random Hall cooked dishes expressed the theme ingredient, which was, well, beef. Check out some of the dishes: including a meat pie (or should I say, meat pi?). All of the dishes on my plate, ready to be tasted: I was very excited when I was asked to be a celebrity judge until I learned that some of the other judges were actually celebrities. In addition to Random Hall Housemaster Nina Davis-Millis (left in the below photograph), the judges also included Prof. Charles Leiserson (!) and Prof. Ron Rivest (!!). Other events at Random Hall I saw includd liquid nitrogen ice cream making as well as make-your-own LED Mooninite. More to come

Plato s View On Education - 1585 Words

Plato and Nietzche’s View on Education Education is important. Nelson Mandela once said â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.† In addition, education is the gate to access to knowledge. Without education, human beings have no difference from the animals. Therefore, receiving a good education is a shortcut to success. Knowing the importance of education, Plato and Nietzche, two of the most influential philosophers and thinkers in the past, comment on education more precisely. They eagerly point out that what should be a good educational system and many crucial improvements to the current education in their societies. In this essay, I will further explain what is education in Plato and Nietzche’s†¦show more content†¦Step by step, he eventually is able to go out of the cave and see the sun. The rest of the parable is saying that obtaining knowledge is similar to the steps of getting out of the cave. The purpose of education is to drag everyone out of the cave as far as possible. (Sparknotes) Moreover, Plato discusses that education is not â€Å"putting a knowledge into the soul.† (Plato 229) Rather, it is giving the student the desire to explore and to obtain knowledge themselves. Comparing to the prisoner who first turns to the fire, if he initially covers up his eyes, avoid looking at the fire, and returns to the shadows, he will never have a chance to see the world outside the cave. Education is not an easy task. I agree to Plato’s view that education is similar to the process of getting out of the cave. Students may be confused or frustrated when they are acquiring knowledge. The goal of education is to clear up these confusions and frustration and give students opportunities to learn what they are desired. In addition, people have a tendency to believe in shadows rather than what is true as the parable describes. They tend to believe what everyone else believes regardles s of the fact that they might be wrong. Therefore, another goal of education is to give motivation to students to explore and think individually. In Nietzsche’s Twilight of the Idols, Nietzsche explainsShow MoreRelatedPlato And Paulo Freire s Views On Education And Learning Essay1790 Words   |  8 PagesIn their work, Plato and Paulo Freire have offered harsh critiques of education and learning. Plato compares people to prisoners in a cave of darkness in relation to knowledge, and Freire refers to a â€Å"Banking Concept† of education in which teachers put their thoughts and information into students’ minds much like money is deposited into a bank. Instead of this money being of value, Freire and Plato acknowledge that the value declines. Although many people refute the concept of accepting new knowledgeRead MorePlato, An Ancient Greek Philosopher1458 Words   |  6 Pages Plato, an Ancient Greek Philosopher by Carly Rittenmeyer Bible and the Ancient World Spring 2015 Plato, a Greek Philosopher, is known for his writings that impacted people in the Ancient Greek society. He was a free thinker and lived in a free city, Athens. He was taught by multiple teachers including Socrates who was frequently mentioned in his writings as the central character. Plato’s novel, The Republic, influenced the idea of government and shows his views on theRead MoreKant And Kant s Philosophy On Ethics970 Words   |  4 Pagesquestion. A dictionary describes ethics as-moral principles that govern a person s or group s behavior. Is there a universal ethical behavior ? Are all countries ethical ? Theses very same questions many philosophers have tried to figure through time from Socrates to Immanuel kant (and to this very day for the matter!). 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In many of Al Farabi’s philosophical works the practical use of philosophy is a major concern, and while the majority of his philosophy has been influenced by Aristotelian ethics, his practical philosophy is more closely related to Plato. Plato’sRead MoreCritical View Into Philip Zimbardo s Stanford Prison Experiment 1530 Words   |  7 PagesCritical view into Philip Zimbardo s Stanford Prison Experiment Zimbardo s prison experiment continues to receive a lot of critics from the manner in which it was carried out to the results that its portrayed. Some people believe that as a psychologist, Zimbardo should have done a better job in trying to show how good can turn into evil through the said experiment. The research also demonstrates the interaction between the reality and the illusion which is also the concepts that Plato portraysRead MoreThe Utility Of Myth : Plato s Metaphysics1624 Words   |  7 PagesMetaphysics ï » ¿Plato speaking from the mouth of Socrates in Phaedo, tells us, â€Å"people are likely not to be aware that those who pursue philosophy aright study nothing but dying and being dead.† (61a) As a philosopher Plato sought to offer not only descriptions of the world him around, but prescriptions as well. The above quote when understood metaphorically, for him, shows the aim of philosophy, and goal of the philosopher is and should be to scratch at the surface of our faculties. To do this, Plato believes

Analysis of Edgar Allan Poes Poem Annabel Lee - 1620 Words

Student Network Resources Inc. American Romantic poet and author Edgar Allan Poe Poe is one of the early American poets of Romantic literature. In the poem Annabel Lee he uses idealism in Romance language to describe a relationship with a woman in first person. A description of the adult lovers as children most likely represent innocence or naÃÆ' ¯vety. The Romanticism comes in by comparing the couple to elements of nature. The love that the two share is free from societal norms or influence. The joy of just being together and sharing themselves with one another is so great that even angels were envious of them. The way that Poe wrote the literary prose is very rhythmic much like the movement of waves in the ocean. This imagery ebbs and flows as one reads the lines. The poem also has a dreamlike quality to appearing surreal or supernatural. In the world of Poe and Annabel the angels can determine the fate of humans. Annabel Lee dies from a chilling wind from heaven. The news of her death flows into the life of Poe and then just as softly ebbs the life out of him. However as Poe describes Annabel Lee as living in the stars of heaven, he realizes that death cannot separate them. The love they share is stronger than life itself. The eternity of heaven, earth, wind, ocean, and stars is somehow breached by an eternal love this husband and wife shared. Within that love they can again be together. In the closing, Poe goes to the sepulcher where Annabel Lee lays and joins herShow MoreRelatedEssay on Edgar Allan Poe: Youth, Beauty, and Death697 Words   |  3 PagesThe relationship with Edgar Allan Poe and the woman in his life – his mother, adoptive mother, and wife, Virginia Clemm – were disastrous (DiLorenzo). Yet, they provided the inspiration for some of the best gothic pieces to date. Poe often combines the romantic, long lasting love in fairy tales and the hard truth of real life. Such elements are portrayed within â€Å"Annabel Lee† and â€Å"Ulalume†. His poems refrain from creating a false paradise, and instead represent an allegory of his tribulations – theRead More An Analysis of Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis  of  Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee In life, as in death, Edgar Allan Poe evoked a feeling of sympathy from his readership.   Those who knew him well considered him deep, mysterious and contemplative; thus, coupled with the copious tragedies he suffered throughout his life, especially the loss of his first wife Virginia, it is easy to understand how the author brings out the theme of Annabel Lee through personal/setting imagery, repetition of words and rhythm/rhyme.   AnnabelRead MoreWhy Should We Care?1748 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Should We Care?: Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"Few creatures of the night have captured [reader’s] imagination[s] like [Edgar Allan Poe]† (â€Å"Vampires†). 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He is also able to make two poems that seem very similar completelyRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Raven2600 Words   |  11 Pagesachievements in their community. Edgar Allan Poe is one of the world s most renowned poets and wrote mainly in the form of poets and short stories. Some of Poe s most renown poems include The Raven, Annabel Lee. The poem The Raven deals with problems such as insanity and grief and the poem Annabel Lee deals with problems of grief and young love. Edgar Allan Poe wrote a lot about death and depression due to his own life being filled with death and depression. Poe’s life was quite strange and depressingRead MoreThe Works Of A Depressed Man Essay1830 Words   |  8 PagesPoe: The Works of a Depressed Man In this paper, will analyze the works of the great poet Edgar Allen Poe. My focus of this analysis will be his theme and how it related to his life. The poems I will be analyzing are Annabel Lee, The Raven, and Spirts of the dead to show the themes of Poe’s works. My analysis will show how Poe used the tragic events of his life as well as a few of the good things that happened to ultimately inspire themes of death, depression, and despair as well as some other minorRead MoreLife of Edgar Allen Poe from Immigration to Poet1035 Words   |  5 Pages Edgar Allan Poe was alive during the period of the 1800s though the 1850s. During this period of time there was a mass movement of European Immigration to the United States (Educating About Immigration). On the Statue of Liberty, which is located in The New York Harbor which many immigrants had to pass through, the words â€Å"Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this quotation g ave immigrants hope while entering the new land (Educating About Immigration). ImmigrantsRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Raven 1514 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is a very well known writer who specifically liked to write poetry and short stories whose genres included mystery and horror. He’s well known for some of his most popular works such as The Raven, The Tell-Tale Heart, and Annabel Lee. Edgar Allan Poe has written many different pieces of literary work that make him unique from the rest. His literary works evoke deep thoughts and imagery. Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts but mostly lived in Richmond, Virginia. Poe wrote his firstRead MoreDisputes Over the Mystery Woman in Poes Annabel Lee871 Words   |  3 Pages Upon Edgar Allan Poes death, several women have enthusiastically come forward to claim themselves as Poes inspiration for his last full length poem, Annabel Lee. Adding more fuel to the fire, several literary critics question the originality of Annabel Lee due to its similar structure and or theme to several other poems, suggesting that Annabel Lee interprets more figuratively rather than literally. Because of the mysterious inspiration behind the words of Poes Annabel Lee, contextRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe and Love 1059 Words   |  5 Pages Edger Allan Poe is one of the most influential authors of his time. Well known for his short storys The Raven and A Tell-Tale Heart, Poe also wrote poems that reflected his struggles through out his life. Poe was born in 1809, Thomas Jefferson was president. Lots of events occurred during Poe’s life with the beginning of the war of 1812, to the writing of â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley, and â€Å"The Vampyre† written by John Polidori. Slavery was banned in England in 1833 and a year later, The Spanish

Classical Concerto Free Essays

CONCERTO A concerto (from the Italian: concerto, plural concerti or, often, the anglicised form concertos) is a musical composition usually composed in three parts or movements, in which (usually) one solo instrument (for instance, a piano, violin, cello or flute) is accompanied by an orchestra. The etymology is uncertain, but the word seems to have originated from the conjunction of the two Latin words conserere (meaning to tie, to join, to weave) and certamen (competition, fight): the idea is that the two parts in a concerto, the soloist and the orchestra, alternate episodes of opposition, cooperation, and independence in the creation of the music flow. The concerto, as understood in this modern way, arose in the Baroque period side by side with the concerto grosso, which contrasted a small group of instruments with the rest of the orchestra. We will write a custom essay sample on Classical Concerto or any similar topic only for you Order Now The popularity of the concerto grosso form declined after the Baroque period, and the genre was not revived until the 20th century. The solo concerto, however, has remained a vital musical force from its inception to this day. Classical concerto . Sonata form in the Classical ConcertoFor exposition, development and recapitulation, The concerti of the sons of Johann Sebastian Bach are perhaps the best links between those of the Baroque period and those of Mozart. C. P. E. Bach’s keyboard concerti contain some brilliant soloistic writing. Some of them have movements that run into one another without a break, and there are frequent cross-movement thematic references. Mozart, as a boy, made arrangements for harpsichord and orchestra of three sonata movements by Johann Christian Bach. By the time he was twenty, Mozart was able to write concerto ritornelli that gave the orchestra admirable opportunity for asserting its character in an exposition with some five or six sharply contrasted themes, before the soloist enters to elaborate on the material. He wrote one concerto each for flute, oboe (later rearranged for flute and known as Flute Concerto No. ), clarinet, and bassoon, four for horn, a Concerto for Flute, Harp, and Orchestra, a Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Viola and Orchestra, and Exsultate, jubilate, a de facto concerto for soprano voice. They all exploit and explore the characteristics of the solo instrument. His five violin concerti, written in quick succession, show a number of influences, notably Italian an d Austrian. Several passages have leanings towards folk music, as manifested in Austrian serenades. However, it was in his twenty-seven original piano concerti that he excelled himself. citation needed] It is conventional to state that the first movements of concerti from the Classical period onwards follow the structure of sonata form. Final movements are often in rondo form, as in J. S. Bach’s E Major Violin Concerto. [2] Sonata form Sonata form is a large-scale musical structure used widely since the middle of the 18th century (the early Classical period). While it is typically used in the first movement of multi-movement pieces, it is sometimes used in subsequent movements as well—particularly the final movement. The teaching of sonata form in music theory rests on a standard definition and a series of hypotheses about the underlying reasons for the durability and variety of the form—a definition that arose in the second quarter of the 19th century. [2] There is little disagreement that on the largest level, the form consists of three main sections: an exposition, a development, and a recapitulation;[3] however, beneath this, sonata form is difficult to pin down in terms of a single model. The standard definition focuses on the thematic and harmonic organization of tonal materials that are presented in an exposition, elaborated and contrasted in a development and then resolved harmonically and thematically in a recapitulation. In addition, the standard definition recognizes that an introduction and a coda may be present. Each of the sections is often further divided or characterized by the particular means by which it accomplishes its function in the form. Since its establishment, the sonata form became the most common form in the first movement of works entitled â€Å"sonata†, as well as other long works of classical music, including the symphony, concerto, string quartet, and so on. [3] Accordingly, there is a large body of theory on what unifies and distinguishes practice in the sonata form, both within eras and between eras. Even works that do not adhere to the standard description of a sonata form often present analogous structures or can be analyzed as elaborations or expansions of the standard description of sonata form. Outline of sonata form Introduction The Introduction section is optional, or may be reduced to a minimum. If it is extended, it is, in general, slower than the main section, and frequently focuses on the dominant key. It may or may not contain material that is later stated in the exposition. The introduction increases the weight of the movement, and also permits the composer to begin the exposition with a theme that would be too light to start on its own, as in Haydn’s Symphony No. 03 (â€Å"The Drumroll†) and Beethoven’s Quintet for Piano and Winds Op. 16. The introduction usually is not included in the exposition repeat. On occasion, the material of introduction reappears in its original tempo later in the movement. Often, this occurs as late as the coda, as in Mozart’s String Quintet in D major K. 593, Haydn’s Drumroll Symphony, or Beethoven’s Piano Sonata No. 8 (â€Å"Pathetique†). Exposition The primary thematic material for the m ovement is presented in the Exposition. This section can be further divided into several sections. The same section in most sonata form movements has prominent harmonic and thematic parallelisms (although in some works from the 19th century and onward, some of these parallelisms are subject to considerable exceptions), which include: First subject group, P (Prime) – this consists of one or more themes, all of them in the home key (also called the tonic)—so if the piece is in C major, all of the music in the first group will be in C major. Although some pieces are written differently, most follow this form. Transition, T – in this section the composer modulates from the key of the first subject to the key of the second. Second subject group, S – one or more themes in a different key from the first group. If the first group is in a major key, the second group will usually be in the dominant. If the original key is C major, for example, the key of the music of the second group will be G major, a perfect fifth higher. If the first group is in a minor key, the second group will, in general, be in the relative major, so that, if the original key is C minor, the second group will be in E-flat major. The material of the second group is often different in rhythm or mood from that of the first group (frequently, it is more lyrical). Codetta, K – the purpose of this is to bring the exposition section to a close with a perfect cadence in the same key as the second group. The exposition is commonly repeated, particularly in classical works. Often, though not always, the last measure or measures of the exposition are slightly different between the repeats, one to point back to the tonic, where the exposition began, and the second to point towards the development. Development In general, the development starts in the same key as the exposition ended, and may move through many different keys during its course. It will usually consist of one or more themes from the exposition altered and on occasion juxtaposed and may include new material or themes – though exactly what is acceptable practice is a famous point of contention. Alterations include taking material through distant keys, breaking down of themes and sequencing of motifs, and so forth. The development varies greatly in length from piece to piece and from time period to time period, sometimes being relatively short compared to the exposition (e. g. , the first movement of Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K 525/I by Mozart) and in other cases quite long and detailed (e. . , the first movement of the â€Å"Eroica† Symphony by Beethoven). Developments in the classical era are typically shorter due to how much composers of that era valued symmetry, unlike the more expressive romantic era (â€Å"Eroica† is considered to be the first Romantic symphony) in which development sections gain a much greater importance. However, it a lmost always shows a greater degree of tonal, harmonic, and rhythmic instability than the other sections. At the end, the music will usually return to the tonic key in preparation of the recapitulation. On occasion it will actually return to the sub-dominant key and then proceed with the same transition as in the exposition). The transition from the development to the recapitulation is a crucial moment in the work. The last part of the development section is called the retransition: It prepares for the return of the first subject group in the tonic, most often through a grand prolongation of the dominant seventh. Thus, if the key of the movement is C major, the retransition would most typically stress the dominant seventh chord on G. In addition, the character of the music would signal such a return, often becoming more frenetic (as in the case of the first movement of Beethoven’s â€Å"Waldstein† Sonata, Op. 53). A rather notable exception to the harmonic norm of the retransition occurs in the first movement of Brahms’s Piano Sonata No. 1, Op. 1. The general key of the movement is C major, and it would then follow that the retransition should stress the dominant seventh chord on G. Instead, it builds in strength over the seventh chord on C, as if the music were proceeding to F major. At the height of the musical tension, this chord triumphs with great volume and wide registral scope on the downbeat, only to take up immediately the first theme in C major – that is, without any standard harmonic preparation. Occasionally, the retransition can begin with a false recapitulation, in which the opening material of the first theme group is presented in a key other than the tonic. The surprise that ensues when the music continues to modulate toward the tonic can be used for either comic or dramatic effect. Recapitulation First subject group – normally given prominence as the highlight of a recapitulation, it is usually in exactly the same key and form as in the exposition. Transition – Often the transition is carried out by introducing novel material, a kind of brief additional development section; this is called a secondary development. Second subject group – usually in roughly the same form as in the exposition, but now in the home key, which sometimes involves change of mode from major to minor, or vice versa, as occurs in the first movement of Mozart’s Symphony No. 0 (K. 550). More often, however, it may be recast in the parallel major of the home key (for example, C major when the movement is in C minor like Beethoven’s Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, op. 67/I). Key here is more important than mode (major or minor) – the recapitulation provides the needed balance even if the material’s mode is changed, so long as there is no longer any key conflict. Ex ceptions to the recapitulation form include Mozart and Haydn works that often begin with the second subject group when the first subject group has been elaborated at ength in the development. After the closing cadence, the musical argument proper is said to be completed. If the movement continues, it is said to have a coda. Coda After the final cadence of the recapitulation, the movement may continue with a coda which will contain material from the movement proper. Codas, when present, vary considerably in length, but like introductions are not part of the â€Å"argument† of the work. The coda will end, however, with a perfect authentic cadence in the original key. Codas may be quite brief tailpieces, or they may be very long and elaborate. A famous example of the more extended type is the coda to the first movement of Beethoven’s Eroica Symphony (no. 3 in E flat), although there are numerous others in Beethoven’s music. Explanations for why an extended coda is present vary. One reason may be to omit the repeat of the development and recapitulation sections found in earlier sonata forms of the eighteenth century. Indeed, Beethoven’s extended codas often serve the purpose of further development of thematic material. How to cite Classical Concerto, Essay examples

Auditing Assignment

Questions : 1.identify the main audit planning issues that need to be addressed in the planning documents.? 2.How do the risk assessments above relate to the choice of audit approach? 3.Explain to Jim the connection between auditing and the communication of accounting information ? Answers : 1. This Auditing Standard agreements with the auditors responsibility to formulate and properly have a strategy on how to conduct audit of a statement. This Auditing Standard is decorated in the background of periodic inspections. Supplementary observations in an early audit arrangement are individually recognised. Development,preparation, planning of an examination of books of accounts gives us the complete procedure for the prearrangement and developing the proposal and it supports the checker to give proper consideration of significant zones and help to firmly resolve a problem frequently and helps to accomplish the examination in a more industrious method. Acidy ltd, a stuff designer has several continuing schemes and due to variation in the marketable possessions and lot of space obtainability there were no buyers available. The planning of examination is more wide-ranging than the audit strategy and comprises the nature, timing and extent of audit procedures to be accomplished by appointment team contacts to surge compulsory suitable audit submission to diminish examination risk to a acceptably little level and main planning to be done is for the discoveryThere would be a huge impact on the financials. Web Ltd has recently bought new computer software, which licenses widespread management monetary examination and corrected quality managing writing. To have good financials there should be good preparation and planning of how the audit should proceed. Proper bill and checking of bills should be done and it should be seen that proper financial framework has been adopted or not Beauty Pty Ltd, a manufacturer of makeups and skincare products, documented an overseas division operating as a sales opening. Stock has been moved from Australia to the new separation to reduce lead times to customers that are present and to offer inventory for examples as part of an enlarged promotion exertion. We will check whether proper invoices has been with proper checking of amount. We will see proper amount dates in the invoice. We will see whether transfer has been made at arm length price and proper value of stock should be done. It should be seen which method should be adopted whether LIFO or FIFO. 2. Inherent riskis therisk is the likelihood of damage based on the nature of an administration's commercial occupation, provided there are no changes to the environment. Control risk is a type of reliability risk where. Detection riskis the unplanned risk that an examiner will not realize or discover any substantial misstatements connecting to a announcement in an individual's financial books through audit tests, procedures and proper investigation. Test of control are checks which are made to validate whether internal controls are properly working or not for example Examination, Investigation or scrutiny etc. Substantive procedures are actually created indication that an examiner accumulates to support the declaration or facts that there no misstatements are present in regard to the wholeness, rationality, and accurateness of the monetary accounts of an entity. It includes checking account balances, and also testing journal entries In the preparation of financial books. For example studying the existence of a fixed asset say vehicle is a substantive procedure to know the existence. So the issues can be the condition if the internal control is existing, so we can use substantive procedures and in calculation of vehicles we would use substantive measures (Glen, 2015) Risk assessment a methodical technique of approximating the risks that is possible that may be complicated in a probable undertaking or accountability. The auditors scheming of the standard risks at the announcement level provides a base for considering the suitable audit method for deceitful and execution of further audit procedures. In some cases, the auditor may determine that only by accomplishment tests of controls may the auditor attain an actual answer to the evaluated risk of material misstatement for a specific assertion. If there is an internal risk the threat calculation would be sturdy, detection risk is something which will incur even having enough control ,its a kind of inherenet limitation (PCAOB, n.d) In devaluation or depreciation expense, theauditorreflects the justice of an asset's predictable financial life, thedepreciation wayused and any predictable recover value. The essential risk is low and the detection risk is high so proper assessment will be done. Test of controls is an indication of better internal control. Proper and effective substantive procedures as test of controls is just the assessment of the internal control scheme but in depreciation expense we need to check the reasonableness of substances in the books of accounts (PCABOB, n.d). 3. Afinancialstatement is an arranged record of themonetaryactivities and state of a corporate occupational, individual, or other individual.Accounting is actually basically preparation of books of accounts and auditing is examining the books of accounts and delivering a view whether the accounts are giving a true and fair view. Essentially in other arguments auditing starts when accounting finishes. Financial reporting provides us the necessary evidence or knowledge which is helpful in making decisions. Auditing is a episodic process whereas accounting is just a standard process (Terrell, 2013). Auditing is basically examination whereas and communication of accounting information is just communicating the financial aspects of the company may be the gross profit, net profit, reward to profitability ratio, debt equity ratio. The duty of the accountant is no stretched narrowed to the examination, classification, transportation, organisation of economic processes in the project to explain the result of the occupational and financial centre, but also contracts with the development of information analysis and decision-making. It also commanded the examiner comprehend the location and environment affecting it and taking into explanation the types of bookkeeping material schemes because of their impression on the design of the secretarial scheme and inside panels, and choice of internal panels that goals to rely on.The basic function of auditing is to deliver the opinion on the statement. Both are done to safeguard that the stockholders,investors and third parties are healthyly know the affairs of the company. Auditing is completed by the Chartered accountant or the certified public accountants, a body which is recognised by law. (S, 2015). Here you were required to write about the connection between auditing and the communication of accounting information References PCAOB. (n.d). The Auditor's Responses to the Risks of Material Misstatement. Retrieved 09 December 2016 from https://pcaobus.org/Standards/Auditing/pages/auditing_standard_13.aspx S. Surabhi (2015). Differnce between accounting and auditing. Retrieved 09 December 2016 from https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-accounting-and-auditing.html Use lastname and then initials of the author PCAOB. (n.d). An audit of internal control over financial reporting that is integrated with the audit of financial statements. Retrieved 09 December 2016 from https://pcaobus.org/Standards/Auditing/Pages/Auditing_Standard_5_Ap

Alcohol Essays (521 words) - Drinking Culture, Alcohol Abuse

Alcohol There are some 14 million people in the United States and 1 out of every 13 adults are considered alcoholics or at least experience drinking problems to some degree. Most people just don't understand the consequences of drinking. Alcoholism is a disease and unless something is done, more and more will be affected by this dangerous drug. A bad withdraw from this drug can lead to death, not even heroin results in death as many times as alcohol. The majority of people see alcohol as a social outlet and does not consider it to be as dangerous as it may really be. Alcoholism is an often-progressive disease with symptoms that include a strong need to drink despite negative consequences, such as serious job and health problems. The thing about alcohol is that a person does not need to be an alcoholic to experience problems with alcohol. Just a couple of drinks for anyone can result in irresponsible behavior, clumsiness, slurred speech, loss of balance, even unconsciousness. If you are diagnosed as an alcoholic you can not just try to cut down on drinking and think that this will help. Studies show that nearly all alcoholics who try to merely cut down on drinking are unable to do so indefinitely. Instead, cutting out alcohol is nearly necessary for successful recovery. Alcohol has direct toxic as well as sedative effects on the body, and failure to take care of nutritional and other physical needs during prolonged periods of excessive drinking may further complicate matters. Some cases even require hospitalization. The effects on major organ systems can be dramatic. A wide rang of digestive-systems can be affected, such as ulcers, inflammation of the pancreas, and cirrhosis of the liver. The central and peripheral nervous systems can be permanently damaged. In advanced cases, abstinence from alcohol may result in a serious withdrawal syndrome, commonly known as delirium tremens, characterized by symptoms ranging from shaking limbs to hallucinations and blackouts. This condition can prove to be deadly even with prompt treatment. There are some good things about moderate drinking. Several studies have reported that people that drink one or two drinks per day are less likely to develop heart disease than people who do not drink any alcohol or who drink larger amounts. Small amounts of alcohol may help protect against coronary heart disease by raising levels of ?good? HDL cholesterol and by reducing the risk of blood clots in the coronary arteries. Most people just don't understand the health risks heavy drinking can cause. They think of alcohol as a way to relax and forget about problems, but in fact it creates more problems. Earlier and better treatment has led to high recovery rates. Despite these encouraging signs, estimates of the annual number of deaths related to excessive drinking exceed 100,000 in the United States alone. Economic costs related to alcoholism are nearly $150 billion a year. Bibliography Work Cited Page United States. National Safety Council and California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs. Effects of Alcohol United States. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. FAQ's on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Social Issues Essays

Evolution of Hair Color

Evolution of Hair Color Imagine a world with only brunettes in it. That was the world when the first human ancestors first started to appear as primates adapted and speciation created the lineage that would eventually lead to our modern-day humans. It is believed the very first hominids lived on the continent of Africa. Since Africa is directly on the equator, sunlight shines directly down throughout the entire year. This impacted evolution as it drove the natural selection of pigments in humans as dark as possible. Dark pigments, like melanin, help block harmful ultraviolet rays from penetrating into the body through the skin and hair. The darker the skin or hair, the more protected from the sunlight the individual is. Once these human ancestors started migrating to other places throughout the world, the pressure to select for skin and hair colors as dark as possible let up and lighter skin colors and hair colors became much more common. In fact, once the human ancestors reached latitudes as high north as what is known today as the Western European and Nordic countries, skin color had to be much lighter in order for the individuals living there to get enough Vitamin D from the sunlight. While darker pigmentation in skin and hair block unwanted and harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun, it also blocks other components of sunlight that are necessary for survival. With as much direct sunlight as countries along the equator get on a daily basis, capturing Vitamin D is not an issue. However, as human ancestors migrated farther north (or south) of the equator, the amount of daylight varied throughout the year. In the winter, there were very few daylight hours in which the individuals could get out and ob tain the necessary nutrients. Not to mention it was also cold during these times which made it even more unappealing to get out during the daylight at all. As these populations of migrating human ancestors settled in these colder climates, pigments in the skin and hair started to fade and give way to new color combinations. Since hair color is polygenic, many genes control the actual phenotype of hair color in humans. That is why there are so many different shades of colors seen in different populations throughout the world. While it is possible that skin color and hair color are at least somewhat linked, they are not so closely linked that various combinations are not possible. Once these new shades and colors emerged in various areas around the world, it started to be less of a natural selection of traits than a sexual selection. Studies have been done to show that the less abundant any given hair color is in the gene pool, the more attractive they tend to be for suitors. This is thought to have led to the proliferation of blonde hair in Nordic areas, which favored as little pigment as possible for maximum absorption of Vitamin D. Once blonde hair began to be seen on individuals in the area, their mates found them more attractive than the others who had dark hair. Over several generations, blonde hair became much more prominent and proliferated over time. The blonde Nordics continued to migrate and found mates in other areas and hair colors blended. Red hair is most likely the result of a DNA mutation somewhere along the line. Neanderthals also most likely had lighter hair colors than those of their Homo sapien relatives. There was thought to be some gene flow and cross-breeding of the two different species in the European areas. This probably led to even more shades of the different hair colors.

History of psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History of psychology - Essay Example This reality manifests itself in the American social context with regard to the high element of materialism. Various marketing campaigns target the consumptive nature of the American public with various goods and services, which are billed as the most fashionable, trendy, and the most advanced. The desire to live within the context of the American dream of limitless success often makes people to seek the attainment of these goals. Many times, the American people undergo tremendous painful experiences in their desire to achieve or obtain the goods and services that are marketed in various media outlets. According to Buddha, humans ought to control their desire and cravings for things in order to achieve for higher levels of spiritualism. The pain that Buddha describes is usually understood within the context of greed (Eckel 92). It is brought out as a consequence of human greed and other failings that have to be moderated through the attainment of higher levels of consciousness. The argument presented in this philosophy could further be explained in terms of the natural weakness of humans to overcome their appetites. The capacity to overcome the appetite for material things and higher services should, therefore, mark the apex of

Why NO to Genetically Modified Foods Speech or Presentation

Why NO to Genetically Modified Foods - Speech or Presentation Example GM foods were firstly introduced into market in 1996.Generally; biotech foods include soybean, canola, rice, corn, and cotton seed oil. The use of GM foods has been increasingly growing since its introduction in 1996 despite their adverse effects on health and environment. I would like describe why genetically modified foods are not good to eat. Genetically modified foods Here I am going to discuss impacts of GM foods on human health. Health complications resulting from genetically modified foods can be categorized into fatal and near-fatal. Fatal risks of GM foods 1. Deaths 2. Cancer 3. Allergic reactions 1. Deaths Reports indicate that use of some sorts of genetically modified foods may cause death. To illustrate, a number of Americans died and thousands of others sustained serious health issues by a genetically modified food supplement called L-tryptophan in 1989; this food supplement created a debilitating ailment named Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome (EMS) (â€Å"50 harmful effec ts†). Regulators point out that some of the GM foods are still sold without proper safety tests and this adverse practice may lead to severe complications. In addition, scientists report that animals used in the lab tests of GM foods die prematurely. However, recent developments in the agriculture biotechnology promise that it is possible to develop GM foods containing sufficient levels of nutrition. 2. Cancer Researchers argue that eating genetically modified foods may result in cancer. The risk of stomach and colon cancers is increased by GM foods that contain a cauliflower virus. According to one argument, â€Å"it is possible GM DNA could affect stomach and colonic lining by causing a growth factor effect with the unproven possibility of hastening cancer formation in those organs†. (â€Å"GM food can cause cancer†). And people who reside near GM crop farms are highly vulnerable to cancer as they are most likely to be affected by GM contaminated food and water . Many other studies reflect that GM foods have the capability to stimulate cancerous cell growth. However, well tested GM foods can provide benefits including herbicide tolerance and cold tolerance. Furthermore, GM foods discourage the use of toxic chemicals as it can be resistant to pests. 3. Allergic reactions Allergenicity is one of the potential risks of genetically modified crops to human health. According to reports, many children in the United States and European countries have developed dreadful allergic reactions to peanuts and other genetically modified foods. As Whiteman states, when introducing a new gene into a plant, either a new allergen may be formed or allergic reactions may be developed in susceptible individuals in response to this process. StarLink corn is one of the best known cases of GD food causing serious allergic reactions. The StarLink contained a protein called cry9C to protect the corn from black cutworms and corn borers. In 2000, components of cry9C DN A were detected in food products. As per the reports of ScienceDaily, it is believed that StarLink corn was the primary cause behind increased rate of asthma attacks and other allergies developed in its consumers. However, this technology eliminates crop wastage because of its pest resistance capability. Hence, it is the most cost effective way of agriculture. Near-fatal risks of GM foods 1. Viral and bacterial illnesses 2. Environmental risks 3. Other general risks 1. Viral and bacterial illnesses Even though viral and bacterial illnesses are not severe like those risks described above, they may also lead to death unless the infected person seeks treatment in time. Researchers have identified that viruses like cauliflower mosaic virus CaMV, used in genetic

Understanding Optimized Production Technology

Understanding Optimized Production Technology Drum-Buffer-Rope (DBR) is the Theory of Constraints (TOC) production planning methodology originated by Eliyahu M. Goldratt in the 1980s. In fact, the concepts of DBR actually preceded the Five-Focusing-Steps and the notion of the throughput world in the development of the TOC paradigm. While the DBR method is much simpler than the older Optimized Production Technology (OPT) algorithm and the recent Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) systems, for many production environments, especially those not currently- or consistently- dominated by an active internal bottleneck, an even simpler method can be adopted. We call this method S-DBR, to distinguish it from the traditional model, which well refer to as traditional DBR. S-DBR is based on the same concepts as traditional DBR and is certainly in harmony with TOC and the Five Focusing Steps. What distinguishes it from traditional DBR is its assumption of market demand as the major system constraint, even when an internal capacity constraint temporarily emerges. S-DBR can be easily supported by traditional ERP/MRP systems and it is specifically intended to deal with fluctuating market demand. Optimized Production Technology (OPT) 1. What is Optimized Production Technology? 2. What is the aim of Optimized Production Technology? 3. What are the main features of OPT? 4. How OPT can be developed? 5. How OPT is operated? 6. What are the benefits achieved from OPT? DEFINITION Optimized production technology is proprietary scheduling system using, computer software which was originally developed by Dr. Eliyahu Galodratt and colleagues who recognized that one of the most complex problems facing manufacturing organizations was that of shop-floor scheduling. The system is based on the concept that there are two fundamental manufacturing phenomena: Dependent events. All processes rely upon the completion of preceding operations. Statistical fluctuations. Process times fluctuate around an average. The effect of these phenomena is that the capacity of a plant must be unbalanced and therefore bottlenecks are inevitable. As defined by Johnson, the OPT method of scheduling dictates that material should only be launched on to the shopfloor at the rate at which it is consumed by the bottleneck. Furthermore, a time buffer of work should protect the production in the bottleneck. This means, that work scheduled for day three arrives on day one, creating a buffer of two days as protection against disruption in operations before the bottleneck. AIM OF OPT The aim of OPT is to schedule bottleneck capacity in an efficient way. This schedule is the master for the demand placed on other capacities. MAIN FEATURES OF OPT The main features of OPT are described by Fax as follows: Balance flow not capacity. The level of utilization of any part of the system, which is not a bottleneck, is dependent on other constraints in the system, not the potential of the worker. The utilization and activation of a resource are not synonymous. An hour lost at the bottleneck is an hour lost for the total system. An hour saved at a non-bottleneck is just a mirage. Bottlenecks govern both throughput and inventories. The transfer batch may not, and many times should not be equal to the process batch. The process batch should be variable, not fixed. Schedules should be established by looking at all the constraints simultaneously. Lead times are the results of the schedule and cannot be predetermined. DEVELOPING OPT The steps used to develop OPT consist of the following: Preparation. Measuring performance, project planning and identifying hardware and software requirements. Plant analysis. Analyzing the manufacturing processes and how they are managed. Bottleneck analysis. (A bottleneck is defined as a resource where capacity is equal to or less than the demand being placed upon it.) This is conducted by analyzing work in progress and shortages vs. excesses (potential bottlenecks are those resources which appear on the shortage list but not the excess list). Computer modeling. This is the process of developing the engineering network and instructing the OPT scheduler how to interpret details concerning the manufacture of products such as dependent set-ups, critical material, fixed batch quantities, maximum batch quantities, consumable tools, rework and uninterruptible processes. Data will be fed into the model concerning routines, bills of material and customer demand. Data definition. Establishing what data is required to be fed into the system. Defining outputs. The output will be a master production schedule (MPS), which is achieved by constraint capacity planning. This provides the basis for the process of demand management using the OPT software to carry out the scheduling the OPT identifies the relevant demand and controls the build accordingly. OPERATING OPT OPT is operated through OPT software which has been developed to control complex manufacturing processes. The software will model the process and produce the schedules in the shape ofmaterial and capacity plans using the OPT bottleneck forward-loading techniques. The shopfloor control system will then monitor progress against the schedule and initiate any action to overcome shortfalls. BENEFITS The benefits claimed for OPT are that it will schedule finite resources in order to achieve maximum factory effectiveness. The scheduling system: Addresses the key problem of bottlenecks. Improves profitability by simultaneously increasing throughput. Reduces inventory and operating expenses. Manufacturing Strategy Part 6: Optimised Production Technology (OPT) Introduction OPT is possibly the most radical of the 3 production strategies to be discussed as it requires a new way of thinking, not only about production but also about the basic accounting principles. In many areas this demands radical or revised thinking by our accountants and new approaches to the fundamentals of accounting. OPT begins by stating that the goal of a manufacturing business is to make money both now and in the future. This might seem to be rather simple but it provides a framework for all the other decisions involved in the business. The aim of OPT is to increase throughput (the rate at which the company generates money through sales) whilst simultaneously decreasing inventory and operating expense. If an action does not directly improve one of the three measures then it is irrelevant at best and damaging at worst, do not do it. The traditional approach has been to optimise each sub-system irrespective of its importance (i.e. to improve the output of the welder) but the OPT approach is to optimise the total system to maximise throughput (i.e. if the welder is not limiting your throughput then dont work on it and put your efforts somewhere else). OPT states that the optimum of each sub-system is not necessarily the optimum of the whole system. OPT defines a bottleneck as any resource whose capacity is equal to or less than the market demand placed upon it. The bottleneck is thus the constraint that is preventing increased throughput from your factory. Improvements here will tend to optimise the whole system and have an increased payback by directly increasing throughput. Bottlenecks are easy to spot in the average factory they are the operations that have lots of work in progress stacked up in front of them. In this sense a non-bottleneck is any resource whose capacity is greater than the market demand placed on it and improvements here will be irrelevant in terms of increased throughput. Figure 1: Spotting the bottlenecks Operation C is the obvious bottleneck for the factory. Running A at capacity will lead to a build up of inventory in front of B. Running B at capacity will lead to a massive build up in inventory in front of C. Investment or improvement in A, B or D will do nothing to improve throughput, the only meaningful investment area would be C where the ability of the plant to earn money can be rapidly improved. Operation C must be protected from loss of output for any reason. It is the operation that controls the income of the factory. In reality the choice is never this clear and the important thing is to balance the flow and not the capacity. The bottleneck concept is best explained in the hiking analogy from The Goal. The speed of a group of hikers needs to be maximised to get to the campsite by nightfall but the actual speed of the whole group is limited by the speed of the slowest hiker (the bottleneck). Placing the slowest hiker at the front of the group slows down the whole group and increases the time required i.e. reduces the throughput. Placing the slowest hiker anywhere else in the group still slows the whole group and also increases the length of the group (the inventory). Thus the only way to reduce the length (the inventory) and achieve the fastest transit time the throughput) is to find a way of moving the slowest hiker faster i.e. working on the bottleneck. An hour lost at a bottleneck, for any reason is an hour to the whole system and cannot be recovered. Dont think you can get it back later because the way we defined a bottleneck means that you cannot. The cost for this lost hour is the total cost of running the whole factory for one hour, after all the bottleneck is governing the throughput. Factory scheduling is at the heart of OPT and a critical factor in this is the location and elimination or management of bottlenecks, a fact which is not explicitly dealt with by JIT. The set up time reduction techniques of JIT appear again but are not formally recognised by OPT. An hour saved in the set-up time of a bottleneck is an hour saved for the whole system. OPT goes on to say that an hour saved on a non-bottleneck machine simply increases inventory and does nothing to improve throughput. It is wasted effort, so dont do it. In a sense OPT shares a lot of philosophy with JIT and both concentrate on quality, lead times, lot sizes and machine set-up times. A major difference is that OPT regards the river and rocks analogy of JIT as being fundamentally flawed. In OPT terms the river is not the flat evenly flowing stream that JIT assumes but has waves on inventory moving through it depending on the order situation in the factory. All can be fine until the inventory is at the trough of a wave. If you hit a problem then it is likely to rip the bottom out of the boat and sink the business! The OPT approach is much more like reality than the JIT approach in this situation, in other words dont take any analogy too far. An underlying rule forgotten at your peril. Figure 2: The OPT view of rocks in the river In the same way OPT shares a computer based approach with MRPII and both require a large complex database of product and machine information for schedule calculation. OPT also requires information on how the product is made, the route through the factory and both set-up and run times. OPT can generally pirate a lot of this information from an existing MRPII system. One problem with MRPII is that it ignores the in-build variation of any machine and assumes that a machine will work at capacity at all times. OPT is more realistic in accepting that the actual capacity is affected by statistical fluctuations and a dependence on previous operations to supply product for processing. In many cases this makes MRPII scheduling unrealistic and time buffers are built in to cater for this. OPT can be more realistic in scheduling than MRPII by taking this into account and also allowing for improvement in times and routing. OPT is based on a set of rules which need to be adopted completely by management and basic statements are incorporated into these rules. The OPT rules Balance the flow, not the capacity. Let bottlenecks determine usage of the non-bottlenecks and do not seek machine utilisation. If a resource is activated when output cannot get through the constraint then all it produces is inventory. Utilisation and activation of a resource are not the same thing. Activation is when a resource is working but utilisation is when it is working and doing useful work. Producing stock for inventory is not useful work. An hour lost at a bottleneck is an hour lost for the whole system and cannot be recovered. An hour saved at a non-bottleneck is a mirage. Bottlenecks govern both throughput and inventory. A transfer batch is not necessarily equal to a process batch i.e. just because you have to cut 20 frames at a time on the optimiser saw it does not mean that you have to push them all on to the welder at one time. You can break the process batch (20 frames) down into small transfer batches (1 order). Process batches should be variable and not fixed. Later work shows that the best results are achieved by using a drum-buffer-rope technique to control the system. You must first find the true bottlenecks that govern the factory throughput. The bottlenecks that beat out the pace like a drum for the whole factory should be kept fully scheduled and working at all times. The bottlenecks must be protected against any interruption caused by breakdowns, quality, set-up times, labour concerns or any other variation. This protection is achieved by building in time buffers. These are a focus for process improvements. All other operations are then synchronised to the bottleneck operation and work is pulled through as if it were on a rope. Without computers the drum-buffer-rope concept works very well for limited variety production. The introduction of variety leads to shifting bottlenecks and the need for complex computer software to run the system. OPT requires maximising the flow of materials and rarely requires large investment in machinery or restructuring of the plant. By improving the flow of the product OPT seeks to get inventory moving and can make an immediate financial impact. OPT needs to be carried through to the whole company and encourages the view of the production area as a real profit maker for the company. For and Against For Quickly targets areas of concern (bottlenecks, quality set up times, high inventories). Incorporates some production and MRP. Quick results. Gives financial feedback. Suitable for discrete, batch and process industries. Possible to grow into via partial implementation at a practical level. Easily understood by the shop floor. Against Challenges traditional cost accounting. Requires simulation modelling of the process. Needs good database. Must go via one consultancy company. Summary OPT is relatively new in terms of production management systems and is an overall philosophy for running the business rather than simply being about production management. OPT starts by assuming that manufacturing is all about making money and looks at optimising the complete system to achieve this rather than just optimising individual operations on a piecemeal basis. OPT is a proprietary system in the full version (rather than just the philosophy) owned by a software and consultancy company. This does not prevent the adoption of some of the excellent ideas it contains and generates. OPT is a trademark of the Scheduling Technology Group. The only, but excellent, book on the subject is The Goal by E Goldratt and J Cox. In the previous pages we have looked at 3 different methods of production management and have reviewed the significant areas for improvement and change. As an overall summary MRPII does not seek to change anything whereas JIT actually forces a fundamental but painful search for excellence. OPT is probably even more powerful because it uses many of the JIT ideas and also follows through into the overall system. The current strategy of many companies uses a blend of these three main methods at various points in the company to achieve the right blend of success. The Manufacturing Strategy Series The Manufacturing Strategy series is designed to give production managers and their staff some insights into new manufacturing methods and to prompt the industry into considering the benefits of alternative approaches to manufacturing. The series is: Part 1: Setting the strategy Part 2: The systems and MRP II Part 3: Just in time (1) Part 4: Just in time (2) Part 5: Just in time (3) Part 6: Optimised Production Technology (OPT) (This section) Part 7: A fundamental quality Part 8: Quality management techniques tools Part 9: Theres no accounting for manufacturing strategy Part 10: Performance measurement Part 11: Changing roles and things to do NOW! Last edited: 29/03/04 Â © Tangram Technology Ltd. 2001 Our standard disclaimer regarding Internet data applies. dvanced planning and scheduling Clients in the consumer products manufacturing and process industry have revealed that many are interested in knowing more about how advanced planning and scheduling (APS) systems can support them in making the right decisions to drive supply chain benefits. More and more companies are in the process of implementing such a system to further optimize their planning processes. To learn more, read the following book exerpt: How to Get the Most Out of Your Supply Chain An overview of Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) systems in the consumer products manufacturing and process industry by Deloittes Rhiannon Davies, Nadine Diepeveen, Erik Diks and Vincent Vloemans. Published December 2002. Requirements driving APS Pressure on performance has been steadily increasing over the last decade, and it does not appear to be abating. But where can a company still squeeze out performance improvement? According to Gartner, a leading technology research and advisory firm, supply chain management is one of the key differentiators for the future. Gartner researchers predict that: By 2004, 90 per cent of companies that fail to apply supply chain management technology and processes to increase their flexibility will lose their status as preferred suppliers (0.8 probability). Through 2005, organizations that implement supply chain planning applications with a continuous improvement program will increase ROI by 40% during a 5 year lifecycle (0.7 probability). Changing business requirements and markets are making effective supply chain management and the resulting competitiveness and flexibility more important. Customers are demanding more flexibility, more visibility of availability, more speed and highly customized products. To provide this information, more and more emphasis is put on the supply chain planning capabilities to allow the visibility along the supply chain to react quickly to changing customer demand in a cost competitive way. The alternative to reliable planning is a fully flexible supply chain. Some companies have made good headway in this area, but for many, the cost of this full flexibility is till too high. At Deloitte, we recommend balancing planning improvements with increasing flexibility in the supply chain and continuous development of supply chain professionals. Discussions with our clients in the consumer products manufacturing and process industry have revealed that many are interested in knowing more about how APS systems can support them in making the right decisions to drive supply chain benefits. More and more companies are in the process of implementing such a system to further optimize their planning processes. This book will help our clients to answer the following questions: What is an APS system and what role do they play in supply chain optimization? How APS is different from ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)? To what businesses could it apply? Will it apply to my business? How? What are the benefits that could be gained from such a system? Who are the key vendors of APS systems? How can I choose which vendor to use for my organization? How are APS packages implemented and how can I apply this methodology to my own organization? The book is written in cooperation with the 10 major APS vendors in consumer products manufacturing and process industry. As sort of an APS primer, the book includes profiles of each vendor, listing the company, its strategy, product technology, functionality and other important information. But the book also is appropriate for readers with a strong knowledge of APS, providing them with up-to-date knowledge of technology and vendors. The APS vendor assessment APS applications cover various domains in supply chain management. To structure the discussion on APS, we introduce our APS reference model. This model serves as a guideline for the general building blocks of an APS system, and allows for a level comparison of the functionality of the various vendors. Furthermore, we discuss the most common models and techniques used by APS packages and assess the level of sophistication of the functionality provided by each vendor in each of the areas outlined in the APS reference model. Each industry has its own specific business issues and these must be addressed during the definition of the requirements that need to be met by an APS package. For example, in the process industry tank planning and dealing with shelf life are usually required, whereas in the high tech industry, complex capacity planning with many constraints. We concentrate on APS packages that cover most requirements in the consumer business and process industry. We provide a classification of consumer business manufacturers to explain the different requirements that need to be addressed by an APS package. We also describe how major changes in the business environment, as well as process and technology innovations impact the requirements on APS software. To provide an up-to-date overview of the software capabilities offered by major APS vendors in the consumer products manufacturing and process industry arena, we performed a large survey among the largest APS vendors within the consumer business and process arena, including Adexa, Agilisys, Aspen Tech, Baan, i2, Logility, Manugistics, Oracle and SAP. We took a two-stage approach to the survey process. First, each vendor filled out a questionnaire that gave insight into the company, its strategy, its product and footprint, product strategy and development plans to allow us to better understand and position their capabilities. Second, we visited each vendor to discuss in more detail their answers to the survey, to view demonstrations of how their product functionality really answers supply chain planning requirements, and to get an impression of their product and company. The vendor analysis in the book is structured to allow easy comparison of vendor capabilities. First, we inventarize the capabilities of each of the vendors per functional area as outlined in the aforementioned APS reference model. Second, we compare the vendors by their industry focus and their technology capabilities. Finally, per vendor we give an overview of their user interface functionality and development areas. Selection and implementation methodology One of the objectives of the book is to serve as a guide to support the initial selection of the APS application/vendor that best meets the business needs of our clients. As such, in addition to providing a vendor selection methodology, we explain Our proven five step methodology to implement an APS system. We explain each step in detail, as well as our methods and the tools we use during an APS implementation. Finally, we provide some lessons learned (secrets of our success) based on our practical implementation experience at numerous customers. Advanced Planning Scheduling (APS) For complex planning scheduling activities especially those that are heavily constrained or require multi-stage scheduling and frequent re-scheduling our experience is that off-the-shelf software packages just dont work. Because of the many differences between problem types and industries, you often end up with a rigid system with preset objectives, logic, and scope, which doesnt quite fit your core operation. Because our Advanced Planning Scheduling (APS) system is tailored to your unique business rules, constraints, and processes, it can be used to optimise a wide variety of planning scheduling activities, including Production-line planning, scheduling, and sequencing Labour planning and timetabling Maintenance planning scheduling Equipment planning scheduling Media planning Features and benefits of our APS system include: Creating schedules that are optimised for cost, profit, or client-defined objectives (service levels, utilization, etc.) Increased delivery on time and in full (DIFOT) Reduced work-in-progress and finished goods inventory Reduced planning time Dynamically re-optimising around unexpected changes in demand and other events Conducting financial what-if analysis and scenario comparison Setting more than one objective/goal and analysing the trade-offs Centralising the planning and scheduling function across multiple plants Optimising across multiple production stages or steps Evaluating the impact of your business rules, processes, and constraints Seamless connection with your existing databases, MRP/ERP systems, and other enterprise software HOT NEWS March 2010 Â » ORDINA signs partner agreement with ICRON. HomeSolutions Advanced Planning and Scheduling Planning and scheduling has never been easy, but today it is far more challenging than it was a decade ago. Planners are feeling more and more pressure to generate accurate and timely plans by considering complex production and supply chain environment, ever changing demand, heavy constraints, conflicting business objectives and processes. And to make things worse, traditional tools at hand are becoming obsolete: spreadsheet based manual planning and scheduling cannot cope with the complexity, your ERP system hardly helps and there is no off the shelf product which can address your unique production environment and supply chain network. What you need is a flexible and reliable Advanced Planning and Scheduling solutions which is tailored for your unique requirements. With 15+ years of experience in Supply Chain Optimization, ICRON Technologies provides ICRON Advanced Planning and Scheduling (ICRON APS) solution to revolutionize your planning and scheduling activities by its mature, cutting-edge technology, and innovative modeling and implementation practices. ICRON APS provides optimized, automatically generated plans and schedules while simultaneously considering demand, resource and material constraints and business objectives. Benefits and features of ICRON APS are: ICRON APS provides significant cost and waste reduction by optimization based on user defined objectives (reduced cost of early/late job completion, inventory, overtime, transportation, reduced WIP times, etc.). ICRON APS greatly improves available-to-promise and capable-to-promise capabilities by generating realistic completion times for individual operations and jobs on entire supply chain network. This quickly translates into increased customer satisfaction. ICRON APS provides feasible, finite capacity schedules which can be readily published to the shop floor. ICRON APS significantly reduces the planning time. ICRON automatically performs most of the schedule generation activities and produces schedules in minutes rather than hours or days. ICRON APS provides tremendous what-if analysis capability. With its speed, accuracy easily generates as many scenarios as user requires and provides user friendly, efficiently tools for planner and management to selects the best scenario to be used as the official plan. ICRON APS maximizes the resource utilization by reducing the setup times by better sequencing, especially when sequence dependent setups exist. ICRON APS provides you fast rescheduling capability to respond to frequent changes. With ICRON, the production planning shifts from reactive, fire fighting planning to proactive, strategic planning. ICRON APS integrates and centralizes the planning and scheduling along the entire supply chain network. Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) -Techniques that deal with analysis and planning of logistics and manufacturing during short, intermediate and long-term time periods. APS describes any computer program that uses advanced mathematical algorithms or logic to perform optimization or simulation on finite capacity scheduling, sourcing, capital planning, resource planning, forecasting, demand management, and others. These techniques simultaneously consider a range of constraints and business rules to provide real-time planning and scheduling, decision support, available-to-promise, and capable-to-promise capabilities. APS often generates and evaluates multiple scenarios. Management then selects one scenario to use as the official plan. The five main components of APS systems are Demand Planning, Production Planning, Production Scheduling, Distribution Planning, and Transportation Planning.

Health Care Careers Diagram and Summary Essay

What is a Physical Therapist do? Each of us has an important role in health care field whether a Pharmacist, Technician, Lab Scientist, Therapist, Nurses, Doctors, and other health care professionals. They have one purpose to provide the best quality of care to the patients with compassionate and respect. They are guided by the rules and guidelines set up by the state and federal government to maintain proper standards and update the techniques concerning healthcare delivery. Career Description. Physical therapists sometimes referred to as PTs, help people who have injuries or illnesses improve their movement and manage their pain (Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012). PT plays an important role in rehabilitation and gives treatment to the patients with chronic conditions or injuries. They diagnose the patients’ dysfunctional movements by watching them walk, stand, balance, coordination, strength, range of motion and many more. Physical therapists work as part of a healthcare team, overseeing the work of physical therapist assistants and aides and consulting with physicians and surgeons and other specialists (Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012). They work in wellness-programs to encourage everyone for more active lifestyles. They also establish appropriate plan of care, depending on the patients condition whether it is a neurological case, orthopedic case, sports injury, pediatrics, geriatrics, sports, and others. Services Provided. Physical therapist services are wide range from acute care hospital, sub-acute care, skilled nursing facility, home health, and outpatient care. Their work varies with the type of patients they serve. Orthopedic/Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation is one of the services they provided, whereas they focus on all types of musculoskeletal conditions of the entire spine and extremities. Another one is Vestibular Rehabilitation, which is more on balance, dizziness, motion sensitivity, and vertigo rehab. Workforce roles within the services and products. The rehabilitation team is composed of a physical therapist, physical therapist assistant and rehabilitation aide. Usually physical therapist is the head of the team with at least a bachelors, doctorate, or masters’ degree in physical therapy. They do the initial evaluations and assessment of the patient upon admission. They also establish the care plan (long-term goals and short-term, as well as set up the treatment guidelines and parameters. The PTA’s job is to carry out the treatment following the plan care set by the therapist, unless the treatment requires a specialization by a PT for example, manual mobilization, myofascial release techniques, and many more. The rehab aide’s job is to help maintain the rehab facility or gym. They could also assist in treatments with direct supervision by PT. They could also help by doing aftercare after the PT or PTA works with the patient, or do desk jobs like scheduling patients, whereas no degree or license is required to work as a rehab aide. Impact of Physical therapist on the health care organizations. The therapist importance and influence on the health care system is very crucial, by doing therapy they help and guide the patients to return on their prior level of function and achieve their max potential. They also help prevent re-injury because of poor management of the healing process, by setting up the right exercises, depending on the patients level, stage of healing, and comorbidities that comes with the patient. Therapist also help by giving an alternative form of disease healing and pain management, for example a patient who has arthritic pain on B knees that has been dependent on strong pain medicine. Therapy can use physical agents and modalities, like heat, cold, ultrasound, and right amount of exercises to engage week muscles and promote improved mobility. Conclusion Health care providers have different roles in health care industry. Each of them has a special purpose on how to give a better treatment, care, and diagnosis to the patients. Through proper education and training, they will be able to provide what the patients needs. Health care professionals have one goal, which is to make the patient better and help them live a quality and healthy life. Appendix A: Figure 1 – Diagram of Physical Therapist roles and functions in the health care community. Figure 1 describe as the role of MD, PT, PTA, and rehab aide with regard to patient care. First the referring MD makes the prescription for the patient to be admitted to physical therapy. The physical therapist checks the prescription initiate evaluation, assessment, and establish plan of care. The PT could proceed with the treatment himself or pass to the PTA. The PTA’s job is to initiate the treatment program following the goals and treatment parameters set up by the PT. Rehab aide assist the PT or PTA during treatment and helps with scheduling patient visits as well as monitor insurance coverage for the patient. References Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2012, April 6). What Physical Therapists Do. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Physical-therapists.htm#tab-2 PT1. (2013). Physical Therapy One. Retrieved from http://www.physicaltherapyone.net/services

Battering is a Momentary Loss of Temper

Battering is a form of domestic violence, which involves physical actions aimed at instilling pain, harm the body or to propagate a feeling of intimidation to a partner so that one can get and maintain full control over the victim (Prakashan, 2001). Battering as an abusive behavior has a long trailing history in the global society and its awareness, legislation and perception varies from one country to the other. Several myths have been conceived with a purpose of explaining the main causes of battering.It is in this interest therefore that this paper is written. It seeks to refute the proposed myth that battering is a momentarily loss of temper. Reliable information from the American Medical Association has shown that domestic violence is not an instantaneous thing but a process, which is cultivated by various factors and in most cases over a certain period of time (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2009). The same point is underscored by the Surgeon General of the Unite d States report.True to the word, victims of battering have been subjected to this traumatizing experience over time. Momentarily loss of temper is, in my opinion dictates for occasional incidences of this abusive behavior, which is undoubtedly inhumane. The fact that battering is aimed at gaining and maintaining control over their partners as well as revenging or punishment for betrayals or mistakes done by the victim need to be appreciated right at the beginning of this discussion otherwise the rest of its content might not make the intended impact to the reader (Baskerville, 2006).Based on this fact and judging by the principles of reason one can see the possibility of a long and well planed battering incidence. For instance, unfaithfulness is a major drawback to the family but many a times, one of the partners may fail to have enough evidence on the same and therefore he or she has no ground for divorce (Prakashan, 2001). The problem becomes worse if their intimacy overcomes the ir desire to separate. This can amount to a feeling of betrayal, unhappiness and aggressiveness which as human beings, can accumulate to uncontrollable levels resulting to battering.Various studies have it that most women are more venerable to battering than men. This is evident in the physical strength of men as compared to women (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2009). To avoid being branded a feminist, the author of this paper finds it necessary to mention that men are also victims of domestic violence mostly in forms of verbal and emotional abuse. As a matter of fact, physical abuse like battering is the highest order of family violence beyond which severe injuries or even death can occur (Buzawa, & Buzawa, 2003).Domestic violence starts in the least form like altering abusive words. If the problem is left unsolved, it propagates and instills emotional instabilities like depression, keeping victims isolated from friends and family members. Still if this is left unat tended, it will accumulate to levels which can amount to physical violence which is battering for this matter. In conclusion therefore, the above discussion dismisses the proposed myth that Battering is a momentary loss of temper.It underscores the fact that battering is a form of domestic violence which results from unattended simple forms of domestic violence like verbal and emotional abuse. It is indeed an inhuman act, but it is very common and hence it is the responsibility of any couples to address their differences in a more human manner. Simple forms of domestic violence should not be left unresolved otherwise they can amount to battering. References Baskerville, S. (2006). Family Violence in America: The Truth about Domestic Violence and Children Abuse.Retrieved August 11, 2010, from http://www. acfc. org/site/DocServer/familyviolence. pdf? docID=641 Buzawa, C. , & Buzawa, E. (2003). Domestic Violence: The Criminal Justice Response. California: sage Publications National Coa lition Against Domestic Violence. (2009). Domestic Violence Facts. Retrieved August 11, 2010, from http://www. ncadv. org/files/DomesticViolenceFactSheet(National). pdf Prakashan, P. (2001). Battered Women: A Study of Domestic Violence. Michigan: The University of Michigan.